
CRAFT, TRADE OR MYSTERY: Part One - Britain from Gothic Cathedrals to the Tolpuddle Conspirators By Dr Bob James January 2001 Revised May 2002		Navigation Freemasons, Friendly Societies and Trade Unions Index Hosted by Takver's Initiatives

Endnotes and References

Chapter 1: When is A Trade Union NOT a Trade Union?

Chapter 2 - Fraternalism before 1717: Or When is Freemasonry NOT Speculative?

Chapter 3 - 18TH Century: The Age of Faith Collides With the Age of Reason.

Chapter 4 - When is a Friendly Society Not a Friendly Society?

Chapter 5 - The 19th Century - or how Respectability came to the labour movement by way of a religion-based set of attitudes about what was fair and reasonable in a secular context.

Chapter 1: When is A Trade Union NOT a Trade Union?

1. J Keenan, The Inaugural Celebrations of the Commonwealth of Australia, Gov Printer, 1904, p.170.
2. J Keenan, Inaugural Celebrations..., 1904, as above, pp.254-7.
3. R Ward, The Australian Legend, OUP, 1966, quote from back cover.
4. J Frome Wilkinson, Mutual Thrift, 1891, p.6.
5. S & B Webb, The History of Trade Unionism, Longmans Green, 1920 edn, 1950, p.13.
6. C Brook, The Gothic Cathedral, Elek, 1969, pp.14-38.
7. C Gross, The Gild Merchant, Oxford, 1927, Vol 1, p.29.
8. Keenan, 1904, as above, p.173.
9. WE Gladstone quoted in W F Wilkinson, The Friendly Society Movement, Longmans Green, 1891, p.1.
10. Ward, 1966, as above, quote again from back cover. His text has only 'trade unions' as worker organisations.
11. J Baernreither, English Associations of Working Men, 1889, Gale Reprint, 1966. p.408.
12. J Ramsay Macdonald, The Socialist Movement, Holt, 1910?, p.27.
13. P Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, Pelican, 1939, pp.216-217.
14. B S Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Nelson, 1900?, pp.408, 415.
15. A Grey, The Socialist Tradition - Moses to Lenin, Longmans, Green & Co, 1946, p.367.
16. Anon article from Cassells Magazine, for December, 1869 (?), in The Odd-Fellow (UK), July, 1870, p.3.
17. Perkin, as above, p.381.
18. L Seaman, Victorian England, Methuen, 1973, p.97.
19. Seaman, as above, p.97.
20. E. Lipson, The Economic History of England, Vol 111, Black, 1948, p.391.
21. See H Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880, R & KP, 1969, pp.381-382.
22. J & B Hammond, The Bleak Age, Pelican, 1947, p.227.
23. D. Neave, East Riding Friendly Societies, East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1988, p.7; see also his 'Friendly Societies in Great Britain', in M van der Linden (Ed), Social Society Mutualism, Lang, Bene, 1996.
24. D Neave, 'Friendly Societies in Great Britain', in M van der Linden (ed), Social Security Mutualism, Lang, 1996, p.54, p.58.
25. Neave, 1996, as above, p.60.
26. P Johnson, Saving and Spending, Clarendon, 1985, p.78.
27. See Johnson, 1985, as above, p.78, quoting Robinson, 1915. See his pp.1-86 for detail of UK 'trade union' welfare policies.
28. P. Gosden, The Friendly Societies in England, 1815-1875, Manchester University Press, 1961, p.1.
29. F Smith, The People's Health 1830-1910, ANUP, 1979, p.370.
30. See N Mansfield, 'The Norwich Plumbers' Emblem', Social History Curators' Group Journal, (UK) 1986, pp.29-31; A Durr, Catalogue for 'Associations of Mutual Aid' (Display), Brighton, 1989, (my copy photocopied); other refs in more detail below.
31. M Karni, 'Ethnc Fraternal Benefit Associations: An Introduction', Records of Ethnic Fraternal Benefit Associations in the United States: Essays and Inventories, Immigration History Research Centre Staff, 1981, p.3.
32. A de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vintage, 1945, pp.114-118. For discussion see B Franco, 'Fraternal Organisations in America: A Historical Perspective 1730-1920', Fraternally Yours, Scottish Rite Museum, Museum of Our National Heritage, 1986, pp.7-9.
33. M Sackett, Early History of Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in America, Tribune Publishing, 1914, pp.13-15.
34. M Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood, 1989, Princeton UP.
35. Clawson, as above, p.4.
36. Clawson, as above, p.5.
37. E Willis, Medical Dominance: The Division of Labour in Australian Health Care, Studies in Society Series, No 19, Allen & Unwin, 1983; for the local hospital quote see D Green & L Cromwell, Mutual Aid or Welfare State, Allen & Unwin, 1984, p.132; for Medical Institutes, p.96, and for Dispensaries, see Ch 8, from p.141.
38. What Price Care? Hospital Costs and Health Insurance, Aust Commonwealth Parliament, 1990, AGPS, p.75.
39. T Kewley, Social Security in Australia, SUP, 1961, p.12, p.26.
40. G. Blainey, 'The Free-thinking Convict Who Became the First Odd Fellow,' IOOF Update, June-Dec, 1992, p.13. For more detail see G. Blainey, Oddfellows, Allen & Unwin, 1992.
41. See N. Renfree, 'Migrants and Cultural Transference: English Friendly Societies in a Victorian Goldfield Town', PhD, 1983, La Trobe Uni, unpub.
42. Renfree, as above, p.295.
43. ie, with capitals meaning the Affiliated Friendly Societies, such as the IOOF, which amalgamated lodges into centralised administrative structures.
44. D. Green & L. Cromwell, Mutual Aid or Welfare State, Allen & Unwin, 1984, p.xiii.
45. Cromwell & Green, as above, pp.xiv, xv, and Tables.
46. B Stevenson, 'Let Brotherly Love Continue': PAFS in Queensland, Boolarong Press, 1994, and 'Stand Fast Together: PAFS in Victoria, Boolarong, 1996.
47. B Kingston, Glad, Confident Morning, Oxford History of Australia, 1993, p.279.
48. J Inglis, Our Australian Cousins, London, MacMillan, 1880, p.178.
49. C. Dilke, Problems of Greater Britain, 1890, Vol 2, p.319.
50. NSW Statistician, Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, Annual Series from 1886-7.
51. D. Rawson, Unions and Unionists in Australia, Allen and Unwin, 1986, p.7.
52. J. Hagan, Australian Trade Unionism in Documents, Longman Cheshire, 1986.
53. I. Turner, In Union is Strength, Nelson, 1976, p.8.
54. S Webb, Industrial Democracy, Vol 1,xxxxxxx, p.153.
55. S & B Webb, Industrial Democracy, Longman Green (2 Vols), London, 1897, p.89.
56. T Welskop, '"Defensive Elitism" and Early Craft Unions in the Wrought Iron Industry after 1850 (etc)', Labour History Review, Vol 58, No 3, Winter 1993, p.13.
57. See, for example, S McIntyre, 'The Making of the Australian Working Class: An Historiographical Survey',Historical Studies, Vol 18, Oct 1978, and an extended discussion in my PhD thesis.
58. B. Kingston, Glad, Confident Morning : Vol 3, The Oxford History of Australia, OUP, 1988, p.89.
59. A Durr, 'Ritual of Association and the Organisations of the Common People', Transactions of Quatuor Coronati, Vol 100, 1987, p.92.
60. G White, The Laws Respecting Masters and Work People, Garland Publ, New York, 1979, orig published London, 1824, p.20.
61. See J Roberts, The Mythology of Secret Societies, Scribners, 1972, espec Ch 1.
62. Bullock, 1996, as above, p.11.
63. Roberts, as above, p.3.
64. W Hannah's Christian by Degrees, Britons, 1954, will stand as exemplar. For doubts thrown by the non-biblical lack of evidence for even the existence of Solomon and/or 'his' Temple, see the authoritative: A Horn, King Solomon's Temple in the Masonic Tradition, Aquarian, 1972.
65. J Shields, 'Craftsmen in the Making', in J Shields (ed), All Our Labours: Oral Histories of Working Life in Twentieth Century Sydney, UNSW, 1992, p.90.
66. Shields, 1992, as above, p.119.
67. T Mann, 'Hail to the Amalgamated Engineering Union', AEU Souvenir 25th Anniversary 1945, AEU, 1945, p.33.
68. A 'shopping-list' would include bricklayers, plumbers, carpenters, joiners, ironworkers, engineers, metalworkers of various kinds, cloth workers of various kinds.
69. Clawson, as above, p13, p14.
70. I Turner, In Union is Strength: A History of Trade Unions in Australia 1788-1974, Nelson, 1976, p.5.
71. S & B Webb, The History of Trade Unionism, Longmans Green, 1920, p.viii.
72. Webbs, 1920, as above, p.ix.
73. p.xi.
74. Webbs, as above, p.1.
75. As above, p.1
76. p.2.
77. p.4.
78. p.8.
79. p.10.
80. p.19.
81. Webbs, 1920, pp.12-13, and fnotes, the last quoting W Ashley, Surveys: Historic and Economic, 1900.
82. p.24, fn1.
83. pp.22-3.
84. p.24, fn1.
85. p.22 for the Operative Weavers of Paisley, and p.23, incl fn2, for the Consolidated Society of Bookbinders.
86. Pp18-24, incl.p.24, fn1, p.25, fn1.
87. p.26.
88. p.37.
89. p.47.
90. p.47, fn1.
91. pp.44-45.
92. Webbs, p.21.
93. Webbs, p.45, for last 3 quotes.
94. p.46.
95. Webbs, as above, pp.66-68.
96. p.68.
97. Webbs, last quotes from pp.45-6.
98. p.70.
99. p.80. See also p.106.
100. p.73.
101. p.87.
102. p.113.
103. p.127, fn1.
104. p.128.
105. p.127.
106. See p.127 and p.136, and footnotes.
107. p.146.
108. See p.182 for general claim about 'unlawful oaths'.
109. p.135.
110. C Wright, 'An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor', Quarterly Journal Of Economics, Jan, 1887, pp.141-2.
111. See T Powderly, The Path I Trod, AMS Press, New York, 1968, (orig 1948); pp.35-38 - his Christianity; p.42, p.43, fn6. - Industrial Brotherhood; pp.47-53, p.384, pp.431-440 - ritual and symbols of K o L; p.57 - Knights of St Crispin; p.230 - C Wright; p.318 - Order of Machinists; p.370 - Knights of Columbus. This and other material could well form the basis of Part 3 of this history.
112. See Wright as above, p.143 and p.155.
113. See R James, 'Carnival, Discipline and Labour History (etc), PhD thesis, Newcastle University, 1984, pp.161-2.
114. See pp.196-202.
115. Webbs, 1897, p.93.
116. Webbs, as above, p.179.
117. p.213.
118. p.213, fn2.
119. p.218.
120. p.222.
121. p.224.
122. 'The Economist', 'The Insolvency of Trades Unions', The Oddfellows' Magazine, July, 1868, p.424.
123. S & B Webb, Industrial Democracy, Longmans, Green & Co, 1897, p.152.
124. Industrial Democracy, as above, pp.152-3.
125. p.93.
126. ID, pp.93-4.
127. p.96.
128. p.97.
129. p.99.
130. p.100.
131. p.101, fn1.
132. p.103, fn1.
133. p.112.
134. The following account taken from pp.414-421.
135. p.359.
136. See pp.444-464.
137. ID, pp.36-7.
138. Webbs, 1897, as above, pp.89-90.
139. p.91.
140. E Hobsbawm, Labouring Men, Weidenfeld, 1968. The cover of this edition is also a clear example of editors/author's? exploitation of the emotion of public display while refusing this same event any place in the text, even in this case refusing any acknowledgement of its presence.
141. J Clark, English Society, 1688-1832, CUP, 1987, pp.1-6.
142. Industrial Democracy, 1897, p.102.
143. JD Mabbott, The State and the Citizen, Hutchinson, 1958, p.117, provides a chronology of official attitudes towards 'trade unions' up to the 1920's, following the Webbs very closely.
144. R. Postgate, A Short History of the British Workers, The Plebs League, 1906, p.60.
145. Postgate, 1906, p.54.
146. R Postgate, The Builders' History, London, 1923, pp.181, 190.
147. Postgate, 1923, p.192-193.
148. E Hobsbawn, Primitive Rebels, MUP, 1959, pp 6, 108.
149. Hobsbawn, 1959, p.145.
150. Hobsbawn, 1959, pp.162-166.
151. Hobsbawm, 1959, p.169; see O.Yorke, The Secret History of the International Working Mens Association, Geneva, 1871, (Reprinted 1974 by Revisionist Press, Dublin) p. 66, for an argument that Marx and associates were Freemasons and embarked upon an enterprise governed by the 'masonic' view. (Copy at 'Geoff Macdonald Collection' N94/1413 ANU ABL).
152. Hobsbawm, 1959, pp.170-172.
153. E. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire,....., p.88.
154. EP Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, Penguin, 1980 edn, p.24.
155. EP Thompson, The Making..., as above, p.23.
156. As above, p.76.
157. EP Thompson, 1980, pp.397-402.
158. Thompson, 1980, p.816.
159. p.58.
160. See pp.30-1, p.41, for instances.
161. p.51.
162. See pp.745, 889 especially.
163. G Wallas, Life of Francis Place, 1898, p.146, quoted at p.463.
164. C Hibbert, King Mob, Longmans Green, p.45.
165. M Dorothy George, London Life in the XVIIIth Century, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1930, 'Introduction'. See also her last Chapter, espec pp.302-7, where she unequivocally states that 'Friendly societies are not a new development of the eighteenth century' (p.302).
166. George, 1930, as above, p.16-17.
167. F Place, quoted at George, 1930, as above, p.4.
168. George, 1930, as above, p.61.
169. pp.457-458.
170. p.462.
171. See her Chapter 1 in particular, pp.21-62.
172. George, 1930, as above, p.320.
173. Thompson, 1980, p.558, fn.1
174. Thompson, 1980, pp. 460-61.
175. p.868.
176. See 'Radical Culture', pp.781-819.
177. See also p.546.
178. From the back cover, 1980 edn.
179. E. Hobsbawm and G. Rude, Captain Swing, Readers Union, Lawrence & Wishart, 1970, p.294.
180. R Gray, The Labour Aristocracy in Victorian Edinburgh, Clarendon, 1976, p.2.
181. Gray, 1976, as above, p.121.
182. T Tholfsen, Working Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England, Columbia UP, 1977.
183. Tholfsen, as above, pp.288-9.
184. Tholfsen, as above, pp.293-4.
185. p.297.
186. I Prothero, Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London, Dawson, 1979, p.142.
187. K Brown, The English Labour Movement, 1700--1951, Gill & Macmillan, 1982, p.33.
188. N Kirk, The Growth of Working Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England, Croom Helm, 1985.
189. Kirk, as above, p.143.
190. M Agulhon, 'Working Class and Sociability in France Before 1848', in Thane, Crossick & Floud, The Power of the Past, Cambridge UP, 1984, pp.44-6.
191. Agulhon, as above, p.59.
192. J Kocka, 'Craft Traditions and the Labour Movement in Nineteenth-century Germany', in Thane, Crossick and Floud, as above, espc. pp.102-5.
193. P Johnson, Saving and Spending, Clarendon, 1985, p.4 text and fn 2.
194. Johnson, as above, p.6.
195. RA Leeson, Travelling Brothers, Paladin, 1980, p.253.
196. G Howell, The Conflicts of Capital and Labour, Macmillan, 2nd edn 1890, p.xiii; paraphrased in Leeson, p.258.
197. Howell, 1890, as above, p.ix.
198. Howell, as above, p.viii.
199. p.261.
200. R Leeson, United We Stand, Adams & Dart, 1971, pp.6-7.
201. p.262.
202. Webbs, 1950 edn, p.721.
203. See G Cole, The World of Labour, Harvester, 1973 (reprint); his Guild Socialism Restated, Parsons, 1920; and a brief discussion at C Crump & E Jacob, The Legacy of the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1926, p.446-7.

Chapter 2: Fraternalism before 1717: Or When is Freemasonry NOT Speculative?

204. J Wilkinson, The Friendly Society Movement, Longmans Green & Co, 1891, p.8.
205. From the 'Foreword' by Lord Gowrie, Grand Master, in K Cramp & G Mackaness, A History of the United Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of New South Wales, Vol 1, Angus 7 Robertson, 1938, p.v.
206. S Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, Uni of North Carolina Press, 1996, 'Acknowledgements' (p.vii).
207. N Davies, The Isles, Macmillan, 2000, p.426.
208. A Axelrod, International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, Facts on File Inc, 1997, p.90
209. C Knight & R Lomas, The Hiram Key, Arrow, 1997, p.xvi, p.22.
210. Knight & Lomas, 1997, as above, p.32.
211. C Knight & R Lomas, The Second Messiah, Century, 1998.
212. L Picknett & C Prince, The Templar Revelation, Corgi, 1998.
213. J Robinson, Born in Blood, Arrow, 1989, p.232.
214. C Brooke, The Gothic Cathedral, Elek, 1969, p.83.
215. P Rich, Elixir of Empire, Regency, 1989.
216. A Piatigorsky, Freemasonry, Harvill, 1999, p.xiii.
217. F Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, Paladin, 1975, p.252.
218. M Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment, George Allen 7 Unwin, 1981, p.7, p.109.
219. R Gould, 'On the Antiquity of Masonic Symbolism', AQC, Vol 3, 1890, p.25.
220. R Gould, The History of Freemasonry, Jack, 1884, Vol 3, p.61.
221. Roberts, 1972, as above, p.21.
222. J Robinson, Born in Blood, Arrow, 1993, p.178.
223. See comments of S Ashton, 'St Alban Who Lovyd Welle Masons', AQC, Vol 102, 1989, espec. pp.178-9.
224. D Knoop, The Genesis of Speculative Masonry, published privately, 1941, p.11.
225. Knoop & Jones, 1978, as above, p.8.
226. Knoop & Jones, 1978, p.10.
227. Knoop & Jones, 1978, as above, pp.10-11. See Stevenson on this - The Origins of Freemasonry, 1988, p.215.
228. H Carr, 'Freemasonry Before Grand Lodge', Grand Lodge, 1717-1967, Oxford UP for United Grand Lodge of England, 1967, p.2.
229. Carr, as above, p.46.
230. The quotations in this section are from pp.1-13.
231. W Williams, 'Gild of Masons at Lincoln', AQC, Vol 42, p.64, and 'Gild of Masons at Lincoln', AQC, Vol 54, p.108; L Vibert, 'The Early Freemasonry of England and Scotland', AQC, Vol 43, p.200; Knoop & Jones, 'The Evolution of Masonic Organisation', AQC, Vol 45, p.293; F Pick, 'Inaugural Address', AQC, Vol 56, p.293.
232. Williams, Vol 42, as above, p.67.
233. J Purvis, 'The Mediaeval Organisation of Freemasons' Lodges', Prestonian Lecture for 1959, in H Carr (ed), The Collected Prestonian Lectures, 1925-1960, Vol 1, Lewis Masonic, 1965, pp.457-461.
234. Published as a pamphlet, '600 Years of Craft Ritual', dated '24th June, 1968.'
235. F Pick & G Knight, The Pocket History of Freemasonry, Hutchinson, 1991, p.18.
236. Compare the approaches in A Frere, Grand Lodge, 1717-1967, OUP for UGL of England, 1967, pp.5-7, and E Ward, 'The Birth of Freemasonry', AQC, Vol 91, 1979, as just 2 of many examples.
237. A Markham, 'Some Problems of English Masonic History', AQC, vol 110, 1997, p.8; see also M Brodsky, 'Breaking the Ring', AQC Vol 108, pp.1-6; J Morfitt, 'Freemasonry in Wolverhampton,1834-1899', same volume, espec p.175.
238. Markham, as above, p.6.
239. R Gould, 'On the Antiquity of Masonic Symbolism', AQC, Vol 3, 1890, p.7.
240. J Roberts, 'Freemasonry: possibilities of a neglected topic', EHR, 1969, pp.323 & 325.
241. See on this point, J Ward, Freemasonry and the Ancient Gods, London, 1921, espec Ch 6.
242. Markham, 1997, as above, p.2.
243. Markham, 1997, as above, p.5, p.6.
244. See Howell, p.27 for 'operarii' and his early chapters for the detail of the guilds.
245. See C Brooke, The Gothic Cathedral, Elek, 1969, p.75, note 6, Ch3.
246. C Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, Methuen, 1985, pp.95-6.
247. Lipson, p.300.
248. Lipson, p.246.
249. E Lipson, An Introduction to the Economic History of England: 1 The Middle Ages, Black, 1915, pp.305-6, incl fn.4, p.305.
250. Lipson, p.314.
251. Lipson, p.279.
252. Westlake, as above, p.6.
253. Salzman, as above, p.41. See also Brooke, as above, p.83.
254. G Speth, 'Free and Freemasonry; A Tentative Enquiry', AQC, Vol 10, 1897, espec. pp.13-14.
255. B Jones, Freemasons' Guide and Compendium, Harrap, 1965, p.67.
256. Gould, as above, p.89, fn2.
257. Gould, as above, p.82, p.84, fn1, p.383, pp.393-4.
258. See Gould, as above, p.92, fn 5 for a court beadle taking an oath not to reveal masonic secrets.
259. Freemasonry researcher Jones defines 'livery' as 'a sign or badge taking the form of clothing of peculiar cut and colour, designed or chosen by the Masters and Wardens of each individual company.' He notes: 'The movement towards liveries came late in the thirteenth century. Not only members of guilds or companies, but the servants of the nobles and rich men, began to wear livery, much to the alarm of the [English] Crown, which, about a century later, while allowing the guilds and companies of the cities and boroughs to continue to wear livery, forbade anyone else to do so if of less estate than a knight.' - B Jones, Freemasons' Guide and Compendium, Harrap, 1950, p.71.
260. W Herbert, The History of the Great Livery Companies of London (etc), 2 Vols, 1834, reprinted Kelley, 1968, Vol 1, pp.28-29.
261. J Tostevin, 'The Records of Guilds and Livery Companies', Family History Monthly, Feb, 1998, p.30.
262. Cooper, 2000, as above, p.7.
263. R Cooper, An Introduction to the Origins and History of the Order of Free Gardeners, QC Correspondence Circle Ltd, London, 2000, p.4.
264. E Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, Penguin, 1980, p.118.
265. Le Roy Ladurie, as above, p.126; see also p.129.
266. R Brydon, The Guilds, the Masons and the Rosy Cross, Rosslyn Chapel Trust, pamphlet, 1994, np.
267. Leeson, p.18.
268. Webbs, The History..., p.25.
269. E Hobsbawm, 'The Tramping Artisan', in Labouring Men, Weidenfeld, 1968, p.35, p.37.
270. Leeson, as above, p.23.
271. Leeson, Travelling Brothers, 1979, espec. Chapter 16, and pp.252-259.
272. R Sandbach, 'The Origin of Species - The Freemason', AQC Vol 108, 1996, p.58.
273. R Clay, The Mediaeval Hospitals of England, Cass, 1966, p.xviii.
274. J Ludlow, 'Gilds and Friendly Societies', (in 2 Parts), Contemporary Review, 1872-73, pp.563-4.
275. W Armytage, A Social History of Engineering, Faber, 1976, p.50, for a 'modern' interpretation of guilds.
276. D Palgrove, 'Your Questions Answered', Practical Family History, March, 1999, p.40.
277. Howell, 1890, as above, pp.6-7.
278. Howell, p.39.
279. L Brentano, The History and Development of Guilds and the Origins of Trade Unions, 1870.
280. G Unwin, The Guilds and Companies of London, Cass, London, 1938; Industrial Organisation in the 16th & 17th Centuries, Cass, 1957; and his Studies in Economic History: The Collected Papers of George Unwin, edited by R Tawney, Cass, 1958.
281. W Herbert, The History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies, 1837, 2 vols.
282. S Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Mediaeval London, 1300-1500, 1948.
283. W Kahl, The Development of London Livery Companies - an historical essay and a select bibliography, Harvard Graduate School, for the Kress Library of Business & Economics, 1960; see also his Introductory essay to the 1963 reprint of Unwin, 1938.
284. L Brentano, 'On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origin of Trade Unions', Preliminary Essay to Toulmin Smith's English Gilds...(etc),...p.cxxix-x.
285. Brentano, as above, p.clvi.
286. J Ludlow, 'Gilds and Friendly Societies', Contemporary Review, (in two parts) 1872-3, Pt 1, p.563.
287. Gould, 1887, as above, p.302; see also G Hills, 'Some Usages and Legends of Crafts Kindred to Masonry', AQC, 28, pp.115-116; F Crowe, 'The Free Carpenters', AQC, 27.
288. K Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, 1973, pp.778, 794-796.
289. Kahl, pp.19-20.
290. B Jones, 1950, as above, p.71.
291. In particular his Industrial Organisation in the 16th and 17th Centuries, Cass, (1904) 1957 reprint; and The Gilds and Companies of London, Cass, (1938) 1963 reprint.
292. G Unwin, Studies in Economic History, 1958, p.35.
293. This summary taken from an Introductory essay by W Kahl, to G Unwin, Gilds and Companies of London, Cass, 1963, espec pp.xxxv-xliii.
294. Unwin, as above, pp.13-14 Later specialist authors have referred to the technological innovations of the 11th and 12th centuries as an 'industrial revolution' and to the transformation of the next three centuries as 'class warfare' - see, eg, J Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders, Russell, 1983, p.120.
295. Summary from Robinson, as above, p.105.
296. Howell, 1890, as above, p.70.
297. Unwin, Industrial Organisation in the 16th and 17th Centuries, 1904, p.196.
298. Unwin, 1957 (1904), pp.201-4.
299. Unwin, 1957, p.213, quoting Jupp's Carpenters Company.
300. G Unwin, 1904, as above, p.200.
301. Unwin, 1957, p.221.
302. E Lipson, An Introduction to the Economic History of England: The Middle Ages, Black, 1915, p.339.
303. Lipson, 1915, as above, p.363.
304. J Ludlow, 'Gilds and Friendly Societies', Contemporary Review, (in 2 parts), 1872-73, Pt 1, p.565.
305. M Knights, 'A City Revolution: The Remodelling of the London Livery Companies in the 1680's', EHR, No 449, Nov, 1997.
306. Quoted by author at prev ref, p.1148.
307. Quoted by W Fretton, 'Ancient Guilds and Modern Friendly Societies', Oddfellows Magazine, Oct, 1879, p.240-3.
308. J Gibson, The History of Glasgow..(etc)., 1777, Ch 7, espec. p.157. copy at Goldsmiths-Kress microfilm library, Reel No 1109, Item No: 11534.
309. Articles of the Journeymen Shoemakers of the City of Edinburgh, 1778, Goldsmith-Kress Library, Reel No: 1135, Item No: 16697.
310. Kahl, 1960, p.25, pp.2-3.
311. W Kahl, The Development of London Livery Companies, 1960, as above, p.30.
312. Gould, History.., v.4, p.260.
313. Gould, History.., v.4. p.262.
314. See his pp.264-5 for discussion.
315. Gould, History.., v.4, p.263, fn.5.
316. Gould, v.4, p.266.
317. Gould, v.4, pp.268-69.
318. Gould, v.4, p.493.
319. Gould, v.4, p.407.
320. D Little, Religion, Order and the Law, U of Chicago, 1984, pp.189-90.
321. Little, 1984, as above, pp.196-7.
322. V Hart, Art and Magic in the Court of the Stuarts, Routledge, 1994, p.123.
323. See G Tudhope, Bacon Masonry, Berkeley, 1954, arguing that Francis Bacon was the author of the Masonic ritual, the Hiram Abiff story and Freemasonry's social purpose - to join 'Rationall and Experimentall Philosophy in a regular correspondence' and in that way and that way alone, to discover the Divine Plan. For a scholarly, insider-view which doubts Bacon's relevance and much else, see AE Waite, The Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross, University Books, 1973.
324. Bryden, 1994, as above.
325. See F Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, Paladin, 1975, espec from pp.211.
326. Anon, Co-Masonry- A Brochure, International Co-Freemasonry Australia Federation, 1990?, p.10.

Chapter 3 - 18th Century: The Age of Faith Collides With the Age of Reason.

327. Batham, 1991, as above, p.35.
328. E Rylands, 'The Origins of Contemporary Freemasonry', Veritatem Petite - The Research Lodge New South Wales, Vol 17 No 5, Feb, 2001.
329. T Haunch, 'The Formation', Grand Lodge, 1717-1967, Oxford UP, 1967, p.57.
330. Haunch, as above, pp.88-9.
331. Haunch, p.58.
332. Haunch, p.86.
333. Jones, Compendium... (as above), 1965, p.206. For independent lodges and 'alternative' Grand Lodges, see R Wells, The Rise and Development of Organised Freemasonry, Lewis Masonic, 1986, Ch 19.
334. Bullock, pp.89-91.
335. Bullock, p.90.
336. M Baigent and R Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, Corgi, 1990, p.286; see also early chapters of S Knight, The Brotherhood, Granada, 1984.
337. AE Waite, The Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross, University, 1973, p.440.
338. J. Hamill & R Gilbert, World Freemasonry, Aquarian, 1991, p.43.
339. Hamill & Gilbert, 1991, as above, pp.43-47.
340. H Mendoza, 'The Articles of Union and the Order of Chivalry', AQC, Vol 93, 1981. See also J Webb, 'The Order of St John and Its Relationship to Freemasonry', AQC, 91, 1979.
341. Jacob, 1981, as above, p.23.
342. Jacob, as above, p.225.
343. M Jacob, Living the Enlightenment, OUP, 1991, cover blurb.
344. H Evans, A History of the York and Scottish Rites of Freemasonry, Masonic Service of the USA, 1924, p.7.
345. N Davies, The Isles, Macmillan, 1999, p.426.
346. Lipson, 1915, as above, pp.316-320.
347. See Submission to the Human Rights Commission, 19 April, 2000, by P Carter, and his paper to 1999 Wollongong Conference of ASSLH, 'Women and Freemasonry'; E Dixon, 'Craftswomen in the Livre Des Metiers', Economic Journal, No 18, Vol v, from p.209.
348. See for one mention H Evans, A History of the York and Scottish Rites of Freemasonry of Freemasonry, Masonic Service of USA, 1924, p.vii.
349. S Klein, 'Magister Mathesios', AQC, 1910, p.107.
350. Klein, 1910, as above, p.109.
351. Klein, p.110.
352. p.111.
353. See L Vibert, 'The Interlaced Triangles of the RA', AQC, Vol 80, 1967 (reprinted from 1936) pp.328-330, where this well-respected Masonic researcher confesses all esoteric explanation linking the geometry with the faith of Freemasonry has been lost. See also R Wells, Some Royal Arch Terms Examined, Lewis, 1978, pp.70-71.
354. Klein, pp.125-6.
355. Klein, p.132.
356. Klein, p.134.
357. For an accessible history of this Degree, see pp.1-15 of 50th Anniversary publication, 'History'(?), of Supreme Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of NSW, 1939; or A Ough, 'The Origin and Development of Royal Arch Masonry...' AQC, Vol 108, p.188.
358. For the 'Scald Miserable Masons' in 1742, see 'April 18' in W Hone, The Everyday Book, 1827, reproduced 1878, Vol 2, p.262.
359. J Lambert, quoted in M Robinson, The Spirit of Association, Murray, 1913, p.70.
360. P Bucknell, Entertainment and Ritual 600 to 1600, Stainer and Bell, 1979, pp.28-29.
361. R Brydon, The Guilds the Masons and the Rosy Cross, Roslyn Chapel Trust, 1994, p.2.
362. W Fretton, 'Ancient Guild Pageantry at Coventry', Oddfellows Magazine, Oct, 1881, p.260.
363. A Cawley, Everyman and Mediaeval Miracle Plays, Dent, 1974, p.189. See also 'June 2', in W Hone, The Everyday Book, 1827, reproduced 1878, Vol 1, p.378.
364. Westlake, as above, p.51; Bucknell, 1979, as above, Ch 3.
365. For the Newcastle reference see W Hone, The Everyday Book, 1827, reproduced 1878, Vol 1, p.378; Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry, 1988, p.211.
366. Durr, p.88.
367. A Dickens, The English Reformation, Fontana, 1967, p.14; Cawley, 1974, as above, p.x.
368. Gould, The History.., Vol III, p.228.
369. Unwin, The Gilds and Cmpanies of London, 1963 (orig 1908), p.274.
370. Unwin, as above, p.272.
371. F Pick, 'Preston - the Gild and the Craft', AQC, Vol 59, 1948, p.100.
372. Information from Lister, 8/2000, UK FSRG.
373. Salzman, as above, Plates 6, 7 and 10.
374. RF Gould, The History of Freemasonry, Grange, 1887, pp.302-3, where numerous other examples; and Salzman, as above, p.47.
375. What is described as 'a tobacco worker's apron' appears, undated and unsourced in Cowan, Finlay and Paul, Scotland Since 1688, Cima, 2000, p.44. See, also undated, a 'Guild of Coopers' apron, from Limerick at B Loftus, Marching Workers, Arts Council of Ireland & the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, 1978, p.27; photo of 'Cork Masons' at St Patricks Day, 1956, p.30; and text references, same publication.
376. See W Hone, The Everyday Book, 1827, reproduced 1878, Vol 1, p.627, for the barber; B Jones, pp.449-50, for some material, including quote from Besant; see also Jones, p.52 for 14th century reference to red caps and 'other liveries of dyed ffrustyan' (later fustian) for 'impressed masons.'.
377. D George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century, Kegan Paul, 1930, p.157.
378. Thompson & Yeo, as above, p.558.
379. B Jones, 1950, as above, p.451.
380. E Hawkins, A Concise Cyclopeadia of Freemasonry, London, 1908, p.23.
381. J Uglow, Hogarth, Faber & Faber, 1997, p.311.
382. Bullock, p.89; Gould, History.., v.4, p.238.
383. J Whiteley, Wesley's England: A Survey of XVIIIth Century Social and Cultural Conditions, Epworth, 1945, p.93.
384. For the Lodge Master, L Edge, 'A Short Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Irish Freemasonry', AQC, 26, p.138 ; for the tyler, AQC, 29, p.233; SF lodge uniforms were seriously discussed - see AQC 29, p.388.
385. Haunch, 1967, as above, p.57.
386. W Firminger, 'The Members of the Lodge at the Bear and Harrow', AQC, Vol 48, 1939, p.137. See a 'bare-bones' 'Second Grand Anniversary Procession' illustration, 1730's Boston?, at S Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, Uni of North Carolina Press, 1996, p.54; and D Flather, 'The Foundation Stone', AQC, Vol 48, 1939, from p.212, where also see illustrations of Freemasons in pairs.
387. Gentlemen's Magazine, Vol IX, 1740, p.270.
388. See Bullock, p.54.
389. D Flather, 'The Foundation Stone', AQC, Vol 48, 1938, espec pp.222-229.
390. Jones, 1950, p.488.
391. A Mackey, A Lexicon of Freemasonry, Philadelphia, 1867, p.41.
392. See Hawkins, as above, p.231.
393. D George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century, Kegan Paul, 1930 - the whole can be read with profit, Ch's 4-6 most relevant here.
394. Order Book, Westminster Sessions, Ap. 1721, quoted at George, 1930, as above, p.31, with her introduction.
395. George, 1930, as above, p.273.
396. D Knoop (Professor of Economics Uni of Sheffield) & G Jones (Reader in Economic History Uni of Sheffield), The Genesis of Freemasonry, QC Correspondence Circle, London, 1978, p.6.
397. B Cramer, 'The Origin of Freemasonry' quoted in Rickard, as above, p.177.
398. Again, see James comment, 1966, as above, and the records of Bath Lodge referred to there.
399. J Brewer, 'Personality, Propoganda and Ritual: Wilkes and the Wilkites', in Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III, CUP, 1976, and espec pp.194-6 from which quote and information in preceding para come.
400. Comment by P James following E Ward, 'Anderson's Freemasonry Not Deistic', AQC, Vol 80, 1966, pp.41-2.
401. Quoted by F Levander, 'The Collectanea of the Rev Daniel Lysons, Pt 11', AQC, 29, p.8.
402. C Gotch, 'The Role of the Innkeeper in Masonry', AQC, Vol 101, 1988, pp.219-222.
403. B Jones, as above, p.486; see also p.168; and J Hamill, 'And the Greatest of These is Charity', AQC Vol 108, p.162.
404. W Wonnacott, 'The Friendly Society of Free and Acepted Masons', AQC, 29, p.107.
405. Durr, 1987, as above, p.92.
406. Gould, The History..., as above, Vol 4, p.469.
407. T Haunch, 'The Formation', Grand Lodge, 1717-1967, as above, pp.50-51.
408. F Rickard, 'Oddfellowship', Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, Vol XL, 1928, p.176.
409. C Gotch, 'The Role of the Innkeeper in Freemasonry', Ars Quatuor Coronaturum, Vol 101, 1988, p.213.
410. V Crane, 'The Club of Honest Whigs', WMQ, Vol 23, 1966, p.210.
411. Gotch, as above, p.216.
412. J Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III, CUP, 1976, p.149, p.195.
413. J Strang, Glasgow and Its Clubs, Griffin, 1856, pp.432-3, refers to a Lodge of 'Freemasons' there in 1804.
414. 'Rules and Orders to be observed by a Friendly Society Meeting at the House of Mr George Westwood, at the Sun Inn at Hitchin, in the County of Hertford, Begun the fifth day of March in the Year of Our Lord, 1752', in Goldsmiths Kress Library of Economic Literature, mfm, p.8.
415. Robinson, 1913, as above, p.145.
416. Leeds Mercury, 5 April, 1800.
417. M Robinson, The Spirit of Association, Murray, 1913, p.142.
418. Wording printed under the title 'Articles of the Friendly Society of the Shoemakers of the Abbey of Cambuskenneth' dated 1802, and included on Goldsmith Kress Library of Economic Literature mfm, copy at University of Newcastle Library, Index Available. Ludlow has other examples - see pp.740-2.

Chapter 4: - When is a Friendly Society Not a Friendly Society?

419. See Gould on this, as above, p.57.
420. 'Friendly Society men' attended a fire at London's Inner Court in 1737 - J Davies (ed), Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Inner Temple Library, Vol 2, OUP, for Inner Temple, 1972, p.1004, referring to Vol 5, Item 9.
421. The earliest claimed 'oddfellow' evidence is dated 1736 - Anon, as above, p.21. But see my 'Some Problems with UK and USA Odd Fellow Literature', 2001.
422. This and following quotes are taken from Anon, The Complete Manual of Oddfellowship (etc), London, 1879, p.19.
423. C. Hardwicke, 'IOOF,MU - Its Constitution, Objects and Social Importance', Paper to International Philanthropic Congress, London, 12 June, 1862, p.3. Copy at 082/43, Dixson Library, Sydney.
424. J Ridgely, History of American Odd Fellowship - The First Decade, Baltimore, 1878, p.10.
425. M Fuller, West Country Friendly Societies: An Account of Village Benefit Clubs and Their Brass Pole Heads, Oakwood Press, 1964, 'Preface' and 'Introduction'.
426. Fuller, as above, p.5.
427. MD George, London Life in the 18th Century, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1930, p.302.
428. Anon?, A New and Compleat Survey of London, 1742, ii, pp.1141-2, at George, p.398, fn.90
429. Oddfellows Magazine, Oct, 1893, p.312.
430. 'An Old Benefit Society', Oddfellows Magazine, Oct, 1893, p.311.
431. Ludlow, Pt 11, as above, p.738. In another place he sets down what evidence he knows of, eg 'vestiges of gild-halls as to be found "in many of our insignificant villages."' - Pt 1, p.567.
432. Ludlow, Pt 11, as above, p.737; Wilkinson, 1891, as above, p.4.
433. See section on odd fellows for more on this.
434. This information from Ludlow, Pt 2, as above, pp.737-762 espec p.739. See also 'An Old Benefit Society', Oddfellows Magazine, Oct 1893, p.311, describing a Derbyshire Society established in 1736.
435. Lord Beveridge, Voluntary Action, Allen & Unwin (UK), 1949, p.22 - an Incorporation of Carters in Leith (1555), the United General Sea Box of Borrowstouness (1634), a Fraternity of Dyers in Linlithgow (1670), the Burgesses and Trades Poor Box of Anstruther Easter (1701), the Goldsmiths Friendly Society (1712) and the Ancient Society of Gardeners (1716).
436. Wonnacott, as above, p.111.
437. 'Friendly Society' men are noted attending a fire at London's Inner Temple, in 1737 - J Davies, (Ed), Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Inner Temple Library, Vol 2, OUP for Inner Temple, 1972, p.1004, referring to Vol 5, Item 9.
438. Information from researcher Richard Lister, UK Friendly Societies Research Group, 8/2000.
439. The 'creation story' of the Masonic 'Order of the Secret Monitor', otherwise known as the 'Order of Brotherly Love' and the 'Order of David and Jonathon', also invites research into the possibility of a connection with these refugees.
440. Wilkinson, p.39.
441. Burns, 'An Inquiry..(etc)..,' quoted in Clapham, 1926, as above, p.297, fn.4.
442. D Neave, East Riding Friendly Societies, East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1988, p.5.
443. EP Thompson takes this use of 'Union' to indicate the existence of 'trade unionism', which, in his terms, it is not.
444. See Neave, 1988, as above, pp.9-15, P Walmsley, Peterloo: The Case Reopened, Manchester University Press, 1969, p.50, pp.151-153 (discussed further below in this text) and Item No 36555, 'Rules for Worksop Union Society' mfm of Goldsmiths Kress Library of Economic Literature.
445. J Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George 111, CUP, 1976, p.194, and references for Ch 9, fns.141,149,150; see also J Clark, English Society 1688-1832, CUP, 1985, p.142; C Manly Smith, Curiosities of London Life, Cass (orig 1853) 1973, claims 'The Charitable Chums Benefit Society' was set up 'by a rogue and a publican', obtained 15,000 members, and held a Whit Sunday procession with 'huge' banner and 'colorful aprons' before the Secretary, the rogue, decamped.
446. F Levander, 'The Collectanea of the Rev Daniel Lysons', AQC, 29, p.82 for 'Codgers', pp.31-2 for 'Antigallicans'; as to codes see 'Discussion'.
447. Bullock, 1996, as above, pp.28-29, p.37.
448. F Pottle (ed), Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764, Heinemann, 1953, p.238; and Boswell's London Journal, 1762-63, Heinemann, 1950, p.322, fn2.
449. F Pottle (ed), Boswell's London Journal, 1762-63, Heinemann, 1950, p.51.
450. J Uglow, Hogarth, Faber & Faber, 1997, pp.272-6.
451. A useful coverage is in A Axelrod, The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, Facts on File Inc, 1997.
452. B Jones, Freemasons' Guide & Compendium, Harrap, 1965 imp, p.195.
453. Levander, Vol 29, as above, pp.11, 25, 51.
454. HRH Prince Michael of Albany, The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland, Element, 1998, pp.205, 370, and Appendix VI.
455. I McCalman, 'Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London, 1795-1838', EHR, 1987, p.309.
456. McCalman, as above, p.316.
457. The spelling of the name has altered from being two words to being hyphenated to being one word over 200 years approx. Today there is some pressure to revert to two words.
458. Some promising web sites, and a 'Friendly Societies Research Group' has been formed at the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. See my 'Problems with UK and USA Odd Fellow Literature' on this web-site.
459. R Neville, London Clubs, Chatto & Windus, Reprint, 1969 (1911), p.33, mentions an 'Odd fellows club' but gives no reference or date.
460. The Three Link Fraternity - Oddfellowship in California, London, 1993.
461. L Dermott, Ahimon Rezon, quoted in Hextall, 'Some Old Time Clubs and Societies', AQC, 27, p.8.
462. HP, 'A Hitherto Unknown Gormogon Medal', AQC, Vol 48, 1938, p.204. See also Gould, AQC, Vol 8, pp.114-155, and his History..., Vol 2, p.377, v.3, p.482, v.6, pp.482-486. Two unsighted sources may be useful: a 1773 Register of Societies quoted in E Curry, The Red Blood of Odd Fellowship, 1903, pp.68-72.
463. See V Crane, 'The Club of Honest Whigs', WMQ, Vol 23, 1966.
464. f Rickard, 'Oddfellowship', AQC, Vol XL, 1928, p.196.
465. See one SF response, W Parker, 'The French Revolution', The NSW Freemason, Oct, 1999, p.28.
466. See G Rude, Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815, Fontana, 1966, pp.118, 156, 181, 194, 198, 259.
467. As above, pp.74-78.
468. For a reasonable account see R Clegg, 'The Anti-Masonic Period', Mackey's History of Freemasonry, Vol 7, Masonic History Company, 1921, pp.2039-60.
469. Durr, as above, pp.93-4.
470. Durr, as above, p.96.
471. A Durr, 'Ritual of Association and the Organisations of the Common People', Transactions of Quatuor Coronati, Vol 100, 1987, p.93.
472. B Jones, Guide and Compendium.., as above, p.67.
473. H Carr, '600 Years of Craft Ritual', as a pamphlet or at AQC, June, 1968, pp.174, p.179, p.180.
474. C Dyer, In Search of Ritual Uniformity, Prestonian Lecture 1973, privately printed 1973, pp.4-6.
475. All of the foregoing section from C Batham, The Grand Lodge of England According to the Old Institutions, Prestonian Lecture 1981, Privately printed, 1981, pp.60-3.
476. J Frome Wilkinson, Mutual Thrift, Methuen, 1891, p.14.
477. Compare the wording with that sworn by members of London's criminal classes, at T Keneally, The Playmaker, Hodder & Stoughton, 1987, p.101.
478. R Campbell, Rechabite History, IOR, 1911, pp.5-7.
479. Commemorative Celebration Booklet, GUOOF, 1908, p.5.
480. J Ridgley, History of American Odd Fellowship - The First Decade, Baltimore, 1878, pp.20-1.
481. See Ridgley, from p.205, Chapter on 'Degrees and Encampments.'
482. Degree Book of the Independent Order of Good Templars...(etc), Detroit, 1867, p.8.
483. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows' Ritualistic, Secret and Floor Work..(etc), Cincinnati, 1908, p.7. For some further discussion of the topic see my Secret Societies and the Labour Movement, 1999, 32pp.
484. F Rickard, 'Oddfellowship', Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, Vol XL, 1928, p.189.
485. Leeds Mercury, 11 Aug, 1810.
486. Ridgley, 1878, as above, pp. 42, 44, 151, 190.
487. Leeds Mercury, 27 July, 1811.
488. Rickard, as above, p.187.
489. J Ridgley, as above, p.49. I do not have any material on a stonemason's funeral.
490. Durr, as above, 'Appendix 11', original at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, at MS 78/05/BR/16/1/1.
491. T Pope (ed), A Masonic Panorama: Selected Papers of the Reverend Neville Barker Cryer, Aust Masonic Research Council, 1995, pp.34-48.
492. The above material taken from Cryer, 1995, as above, pp.42-7.
493. T Carr, 'Operative Free Masons and Operative Free Masonry' in Vol 6, and ''The Ritual of the Operative Freemasons', in Vol 11, of G Martin (ed), British Masonic Miscellany, David Winter, nd, quotations from Vol 6, pp.115-117.
494. Carr, Vol 6, as above, p.119.
495. Carr, Vol 6, p.130.
496. Carr, Vol 11, p.94.
497. Carr, Vol 11, p.109.
498. C Stretton, 'Operative Free Masonry', Transactions for the Year 1911-12, Leicester Lodge of Research, 1912, pp.37-63; and J Thorp, 'The Operative Lodge of Banff 1764-1778', Transactions for 1912-13, 1913, pp.143-162.
499. R Plot, Natural History of Staffordshire, 1686, at A. Durr, 'Ritual of Association and the Organisations of Common People', AQC, Vol 100, 1987, p.89.
500. Durr, as above, p.92.
501. RF Gould, 1887, as above, p.397.
502. K Doughty, 'Brushmaker or Tramp', The Society of Brushmakers' Descendants Newsletter, Spring Quarter 1977, Vol 2, No 3, pp.7-15.
503. 'Anon' (Spry), The Complete Manual of Oddfellowship..(etc), London, 1879, p.19.
504. Odd Fellows Quarterly Magazine, (MUIOOF - UK), Vol 9, 1847, p.170.
505. Oddfellows Quarterly Magazine, Vol 9, 1847, p.170; Oddfellows Magzine, Nov, 1885, p.340.
506. James Millar, The Funding System, Glasgow, 1824 - at Kress Goldsmith Library, No:24052, Reel No:2323.
507. M Thale (ed), The Autobiography of Francis Place, CUP, 1972, pp.176-178, incl fn.1 & p.141.; G Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, Allen & Unwin, 1951 (orig 1898), pp.22-30.
508. M Thale (ed), The Autobiography..., as above, p.112.
509. Thale. as above, p.xiii.
510. Thale, as above, p.131.
511. See Clapham, 1926, as above, Ch 5, for some information.
512. See S Maccoby, English Radicalism, 1786-1832, Allen & Unwin, 1955, p.514, for reference to Acts 2, 3, Edward VI, cap 15.
513. Maccoby, 1955, as above, p.515.
514. A Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, Papermac, 1963 (orig 1905), Chapters 5, 6.
515. A Smith An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776, quoted at p.449, in - S Maccoby, English Radicalism, 1762-1785, Allen & Unwin, 1955, Ch.XXIII.
516. S Maccoby, 1955, as above, pp.458-460.
517. Anon, 1879, as above, pp. 24, 31.
518. Ludlow, as above, pp.565-7.
519. Ludlow, as above, p.743.
520. Wilkinson, 1891, summarises legislation favourable to mutual thrift from 1757 when an Act specifically supportive of coal-heavers on the Thames was passed. This Society (referred to earlier in this text) survived 13 years, a useful case study?
521. J Wilkinson, The Friendly Society Movement, Longmans Green, 1891, p.4
522. Wilkinson, 1891, p.4.
523. Beveridge, as above, p.21.
524. Ludlow, as above, p.744.
525. Quoted in A Aspinall, Early English Trade Unions, Batchworth, 1949, p.ix.
526. 'Heads of a Bill..(etc)' by Thomas Gilbert, 1787, Item No 13486, mfm Goldsmiths Kress Library of Economic Literature.
527. 'A Country Gentleman', A Letter to Thomas Gilbert..(etc), 27 March, 1787, Item No 13491; and being a response to T Gilbert, Heads of a Bill for the Better Relief and Employment of the Poor..(etc), 1787, Item No 13486, both on mfm, in Goldsmiths Kress Library of Economic Literature. See, in the same location, Item No 16804, E Jones, 'The Prevention of Poverty by Beneficial Clubs', London, 1796, which also advocates compulsory 'clubs' throughout the Kingdom.
528. F Eden, The State of the Poor, 3 vols, 1797, p.604 (Vol 1).
529. Eden, 1797, as above, p.599.
530. F Eden, Observations on Friendly Societies for the Maintenance...(etc), London, 1801, p.1 - Goldsmiths-Kress Item No: 18312, Reel No: 1705.
531. Maccoby, as above, p.516.
532. Roberts, 1972, as above, makes this point in slightly different words, p.145; for Barrault see his Ch.6.
533. Roberts, as above, p.203.
534. J Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850, CUP, 1926, p.296.
535. J Roberts, The Myth of the Secret Societies, Scribners, 1972, p.131. The information in this paragraph is mainly from his Ch.5.
536. See Roberts, as above, pp.206-8; Gould, History.., v.4, pp.485-9.
537. See Lyon, 1900, as above, p.355, and his Chapters 26 and 27.
538. D Lyon, History of the Lodge of Edinburgh, Mary's Chapel, No 1, Gresham, 1900, pp.322-329.
539. The Freemasons Repository, 1797, quoted in B Caillard, 'Australia's First Lodge Meeting', Transactions of Quatuor Coronati, Vol 100, 1987, 225.
540. Williams, 1973, as above, pp.37-39.
541. D Dickson, etc, (eds), The United Irishmen, Lilliput, 1993, p.170.
542. Williams, as above, p.53, and his Ch. 5 for related information.
543. A 'Mr J Smith', quoted in J Lepper, Suggestions for the Collection of Masonic Data, Dublin, 1920, p.2.
544. Dickson, 1993, as above, p.66. One revived lodge was, in 1781, renamed 'the Orange Lodge' which, in a world of Catholic SF majorities would seem to deserve more comment.
545. 'Mr & Mrs SC Hall', Ireland: Its Scenery, Character, etc, in 3 Vols, Virtue, Vol 2, pp.465-6.
546. H Pollard, Secret Societies of Ireland, Irish Historical Press, Kilkenny, 1998, p.2.
547. Pollard, as above, p.12. See also pp.3-8.
548. Pollard, as above, p.22, p.15.
549. T Williams, Secret Societies in Ireland, Macmillan, 1973, p.25.
550. H Cleary, The Orange Society, King, Melb, 1897, pp.64-66.
551. Pollard, as above, p.25. He has other related oaths.
552. Item No 16149, 'Report of the Trial of Archibald Hamilton Rowan, etc, etc,' Dublin, 1794, mfm. Goldsmith Kress Library of Economic Literature.
553. Dickson, as above, p.171; see also N Curtin, The United Irishmen, Clarendon Papaerbacks, 1998, espec pp.90-91, and the Chapter, 'Defenders and Militiamen.'
554. See other evidence, albeit biased towards SF orthodoxy at H Berry, 'Some Historical Episodes in Irish freemasonry', AQC, 26, p.196.
555. Pollard, as above, p.204.
556. R Wells, Insurrection - The British Experience, 1795-1803, Sutton, Ch 2.
557. R Wells, Insurrection - The British Experience, 1795-1803, Sutton, pp.60, 71, 75-7, 84.
558. Wells, as above, p.84.
559. Application of Barruel's Memoirs of Jacobinism, to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain by the Translator of that Work, London, 1798, quotation from p.ix, xix - Copy at Goldsmith Kress Library of Economic Literature, Reel No: 1627, Item No: 17430.
560. Gould, History.., Vol 6, p.478.
561. 1798 Pamphlet, as above, p.2. See Pollard, as above, Appendix A, pp.200-205.
562. 1798 pamphlet, as above, p.7.
563. Gould, History, Vol 4, p.485.
564. Gould, v.4, p.486.
565. Wells, 1983, as above, has most of them.
566. CLeary, 1897, as above, quoting Protestant MP Grattan, p.74. See for further background, Clark & Donelly, Irish Peasants, U of Wisconsin, 1983.
567. A Prescott, 'The Spirit of Association: Freemasonry and Early Trade Unions', Lecture for the Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, 30 May, 2001, p.13.
568. Williams, as above, p.50, quoting an O'Connell letter to The Pilot, April, 1837.
569. Leeds Mercury, 20 August, 1796. See others referred to at: 12 and 26 Sept, 1795; 28 May, 9, 23 and 27 July, 1 and 8 Aug, and 17 Sept, 1796,
570. See, in order, Leeds Mercury, 19 May, 1798; 28 May, 1796; 14 Oct, 1797.
571. See, in order, Leeds Mercury, 20 Aug, 1796; 15 Sept and 3 Nov, 1798.
572. From the Review of 'A Sermon, delivered in the Parish Church of Sheffield, to the Original United Order of Odd Fellows, on Monday, July 9, 1798. By George Smith, MA Curate of the said Church, and late of Trinity College, Cambridge' in Gentleman's Magazine, September, 1798, pp.785-6.
573. At Gentleman's Magazine, July, 1798, pp.563-4, see 'Letter to the Editor'. For a very close look at the period's conspiracies with no mentions of oaths or SF, see R Wells, Insurrection: The British Experience, 1795-1803, Suton, 1983.

Chapter 5: - The 19th Century - or how Respectability came to the labour movement by way of a religion-based set of attitudes about what was fair and reasonable in a secular context.

574. Maccoby as above, p.519. See also I Christie, Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain, Clarendon, 1984, p.147.
575. A Dicey, Law and Public Opinion, Papermac, 1963, pp.96-98.
576. The Times 12 Jan, 1813.
577. Dicey, 1963, as above, p.99.
578. D George, London Life in the XVIIIth Century, Kegan Paul Etc, 1930, pp.3, 16, 17.
579. Leeds Mercury, 10, 24 and 31 Jan, 1801.
580. For a 'conspiracy' which intended to have its own flag, Leeds Mercury, 9 Aug, 1800. For 'Strangers Friend Societies' see LM, 23 Jan, 1802. For lack of resources among the societies see LM, 14 June, 1800 (Benevolent Strangers Friend Society).
581. J Frome Wilkinson, Mutual Thrift, 1891, p.30. Much of what follows is from his Chapter 2.
582. 'Grand Soiree at Leeds', Oddfellows Quarterly Magazine, Vol 9, 1847, p.230.
583. Leeds Mercury, 2 May, 1807.
584. Leeds Mercury, 13 Oct, 1810 (case of Stephen Watmuff); 22 Dec, 1810, (case of Cheshire colliers).
585. Leeds Mercury, 9 May, 1812.
586. LM, 11 July, 1812.
587. LM, 29 Aug, 1812.
588. The Times, 9 June, 1813, reprinting from a competitor. See The Times angry response at 14 June, 1813.
589. Leeds Mercury, 18 July, 1807.
590. LM, 3 July, 1813; 6 Aug, 1814.
591. Editorial, 'Memoir of William Candelet, PPGM', The Quarterly Magazine, IOOF, MU, April, 1846, p.58.
592. Neave, as above, p.14. See, also, the example of the Helpmates Society, The Times, 20 Dec, 1820.
593. Clapham, as above, p.589.
594. M Swords & L Newlands, Druidism under the Souther Cross, UAOD, NSW, 1982(?), p.8.
595. A Axelrod, The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies & Fraternal Orders, Facts on File Inc, 1997, p.37.
596. Wilkinson, as above, p.21.
597. Wilkinson, pp.5-6.
598. S Cordery, 'Fraternal Orders in the United States', in van der Linden, 1996, as above, p.84. For detail see P Donaldson, The Odd-Fellows Text Book, Moss, 1852, Ch2.
599. See Rickard, p.184. His article is a useful summary of some of the debates about origins but he is one who refers to a single 'Order of Oddfellows'; see also R Nevill, London Clubs, xxx, xxx, p.33, for a reference to an 'Oddfellow Club.'
600. Wilkinson, p.13.
601. 'Benefit Societies', Oddfellows Quarterly Magazine, Vol 9, 1847, p.270; see also 'What is the Manchester Unity' at p.337; and 'Legalisation of the Order' at p.393.
602. His Trade Unions Condemned, Trade Clubs Justified, 1834, quoted in George, as above, p.209.
603. Quoted in George, p.211.
604. W Jacob, 1828, quoted in George, as above, p.402, fn.134.
605. J Marlow, The Tolpuddle Martyrs, Deutsch, 1971, p.59.
606. Leeds Mercury, from 1 March-12 July, 1817, especially 14, 21, 28 June, 5, 12 July. See also 26 July, for report of similar case from Edinburgh. Oliver's lodge expelled him - 30 Aug, 1817. See 26 April for editorial on literary, scientific and philosophic societies closing or being closed.
607. Hobhouse to Lloyd, 21 Aug, 1818, in A Aspinall, The Early English Trade Unions, Batchworth, 1949, p.274.
608. See p.331 for some discussion of this by contemporary observers.
609. See pp.302, 364.
610. See pp.150-1, p.249.
611. R Walmsley, Peterloo: The Case Reopened, Manchester UP, 1969, pp.151-2.
612. Bamford, as above, p.149.
613. See some history at I Evans (ed), The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Wordsworth, 1993, p.504; G Rothery, Concise Encyclopedia of Heraldry, Senate, 1995, p.87.
614. S Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical, (orig 1844), McGibbon & Key, 1967, pp.138-46.
615. Bamford, as above, p.256.
616. Prothero, as above, p.140.
617. Prothero, as above, p.141. He also has as Gast's idea the traditional bundle of sticks on a pole, 'to symbolise strength from unity' - p.145.
618. EP Thompson, The Making..., as above, p.466, p.464.
619. Two last quotations from Thompson, as above, pp.466-7.
620. See espec. Thompson, The Making..., p.550, also p.267, p.311; see also his Customs in Common, Merlin Press, 1991, espec pp.60-64.
621. W Kiddier, The Old Trade Unions, Allen & Unwin, 1931, p.13.
622. Kiddier, as above, p.52.
623. Kiddier, p.58.
624. Kiddier, p.71.
625. Kiddier, p.24.
626. Kiddier, p.25.
627. Kiddier, pp.13,14,16,18-20.
628. Kiddier, p.34.
629. Most easily perhaps in Ch 8, G Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, Allen & Unwin, 1951 edn - Place was the person most centrally involved in the deliberate, decade-long program aimed at repeal of the anti-combination laws.
630. F Rickard, 'Oddfellowship', Ars Quatuor Coronati Lodge Transactions, Vol XL, 1928, p.179
631. British Parliamentary Papers, 'Insurance - Friendly Societies Sessions, 1825-48', Irish University Press Volumes, Dublin, 1968?, copy at NSL NQ 328.4204.1.
632. J Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain, CUP, 1952, pp.208-14.
633. EP Thompson & E Yeo, (eds), The Unknown Mayhew, Pelican, 1973, p.512. For the shipwright sawyers' 'Good Samaritan', see p.392. For more on coopers' 'benefit societies', one of which, 'Friend of Humanity', claimed 700 members out of a total London work-force of 1500, see Maccoby, 1786-1832 Vol, p.509.
634. B Gilding, The Journeymen Coopers of East London, History Workshops Pamphlet No 4, 1970?, from p.49.
635. See p.14 for 'Index of Appendix' which show the page numbers of individual 'Rules' and related documents, 'Report..on Combination Laws, 1825', as above.
636. See discussion in Jones, 1950, as above, pp.148 subseq.
637. Evidence of Robert Hutton, 20 April, 1825, to Parlt Enquiry into Combination Laws.
638. 'Report from the Select Committee on Combination Laws etc', 16 June, 1825', British Parliamentary Papers, Irish University Press, 1968, pp.3-12, and pp.64-65.
639. From Knoop and GP Jones, quoted at B Jones, 1950, as above, p.279.
640. See R Carlile, Manual of Freemasonry..(etc), New Temple Press, 1835?, p.8, p.43, p.66 for the full degree rites.
641. For an interesting 15th century Italian example of the architect/stonemason conjunction, see R Goldthwaite, 'The Building of the Strozzi Palace: The Construction Industry in Renaissance Florence', Studies in Mediaeval and Renaissance History, Vol 10, 1973.
642. M Flinn, Men of Iron: The Crowleys in the Early Iron Industry, Edinburgh Uni Pubs, History Philosophy and Politics No 14, 1962, refers to oaths taken by the members of the Works Management Council when taking office, p.195, and by clerical staff, p.201. See Thompson on 'secret oaths' pp.556-561, p.635, pp.651-665.
643. See Jones, 1950, as above, p.279.
644. S Maccoby, English Radicalism, 1786 - 1832, Allen & Unwin (UK), 1955, p.509, p.520.
645. Durr, as above, p.94, quoting Gravenor Henson whose History of the Framework Knitters appeared in 1831, reprinted David and Charles Reprints, 1970, pp.119-125.
646. Aspinall, 1949, as above, p.49. See B Bailey, The Luddite Rebellion, NYU Press, for evidence of considerable organisation amongst these dis-employed men, their use of travelling delegates and the principles behind their societies, eg, 'to bar unapprenticed and unskilled workers from the trade' - p.13, about the shearmens' 'Brief Institution'.
647. Evidence of Mr John Buddle, 18 April, 1825, p.2, in 'Report from the Select Committee on Combination Laws', British Parliamentary Papers, Irish University Press, 1968.
648. Aspinall, 1949, as above, p.xxiii.
649. Evidence of Mr A Guthrie and Mr W McAllister, 27 April, 1825, contained in 'Minutes of Evidence, Report of the Select Committee on Combination Laws etc' British Parliamentary Papers, Irish University Press, 1969, p.73, p.76.
650. 'Report of the 1825 Select Committee into Combinations, etc', British Parliamentary Papers, 1968, as above, p.65, p.73.
651. See S & B Webb, The History of Trade Unionism, Longmans Green, 1920 edn, 1950, pp.19, 127, fn1.
652. Thompson, p.651, fn1 - undated but the context is of the Luddites.
653. See some inconclusive statistics on weaver membership of the IOOF, MU Order, Manchester District, in the early 1800's in N Kirk, The Growth of Working Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England, Croom Helm, 1985, p.198. Note that Kirk assumes this and other 'Orders' he associates because of his 1980's understanding of them were, apparently, always 'respectable' and always, apparently, 'affiliated'.
654. Anon (prob Richard Carlyle), A Ritual and Illustrations of Freemasonry Accompanied by Numerous Engravings and a Key to the Phi Beta Kappa, Reeves, London, nd, 1820, (approx), p.14.
655. Report of the Select Committee Appointed to Consider of the Laws Respecting Friendly Societies...(etc), 1825, p.23, 'Friendly Societies - 1825-27', British Parliamentary Papers, Irish University Print, Dublin, 1971(?).
656. I Prothero, Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth Century London, Dawson, 1979, pp.233-4.
657. Prothero, as above, p.236.
658. No such organisation has come to light, but it is not impossible.
659. E Hobsbawm, Worlds of Labour, p.71, quoted in A Durr, 'Rituals of Association and the Organisations of the Common People', Transactions of Quatuor Coronati, Vol 100, 1987, p.89. See also His Primitive Rebels, espec Chapter on 'Labour Sects', 1959, pp.126-149 and 'Ritual in Social Movements', pp.150-174. Also Hobsbawm and T Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, 1983 and the Webbs, (1920) 1950 edn, p.172 for stonemason claim and p.182 for more general claim about 'the abandonment of unlawful oaths'.
660. Hobsbawm, 1959, as above, p.161.
661. G. Hurst, 'The Dorchester Labourers, 1834', English Historical Review, Jan, 1925, p.65.
662. The Times, 20 March, 1834.
663. Thompson, p.250.
664. p.199.
665. p.459; see also the use of 'might' on p.265.
666. p.321.
667. EP Thompson, The Making..., as above, p.714.
668. Quoted by S Maccoby, English Radicalism, 1786-1832, Allen & Unwin, 1955, p.134.
669. Evidence showing how this strategy worked itself out, for example, in 'Friendly Society' legislation after 1825, will be found in Part 2 of this study,
670. Aspinall, as above, p.156; see also p.161, p.196, p.214, p.244, p.300, p.361.
671. See letter, 'James Read to Lord Pelham, 1802' in Aspinall, 1949, as above, p.49, for example.
672. Aspinall, as above, p.244.
673. Durr, as above, p.91, quoting a Masonic source.
674. EP Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, Penguin, 1980, p.546.
675. Minutes (etc) of the Grand Committees of the Independent Order of Oddfellows, connected with the Manchester Unity, from Jan 1814 to Dec 1828, incl, Manchester, 1829, entry for 22 Aug, 1814, Resolutions 2, 3. Copy held at MUOOF Office, Pitt St, Sydney.
676. G Williams, The Merthyr Rising, 1978, pp.78-81.
677. Thompson, p.559; Webbs, as above.
678. Webbs, p.145.
679. See A Somerville, The Autobiography of a Working Man, orig 1848, Turnstile edn 1951, p.58, for an example from 1828, but which nevertheless has to be taken with a grain of salt, as the author may have been a spy for the Home Office.
680. The Times, 24 Feb, 1834, quoting the Worcester Journal.
681. See Marlowe, pp.55 on; H Evatt, Injustice Within the Law, Law Book Co, 1937, p.ix.
682. Quoted in Evatt, as above, p.55.
683. The Times, 21 March, 1834.
684. The Times, 21 March, 1834.
685. Marlowe, p.43, and fn.
686. Marlowe, as above, p.43, and fn.
687. No evidence was presented about this.
688. See Review Article of 4 pamphlets at Edinburgh Review, July, 1834, as example.
689. J Marlowe, The Tolpuddle Martyrs, Panther, 1971, p.113.
690. Item No 28880, 'FKS', 'Trades Triumphant', London, 1834, mfm, Goldsmiths Kress Library of Economic Literature.
691. G Rude, Revolutionary Europe, Fontana, 1966, pp.181, 194, 198, 259.
692. A Bestor, Backwoods Utopias, Uni of Penn, 1950, p.168.
693. J Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World, Scribner, 1969, pp.86-93.
694. J Harrison, Quest for a New Moral World, Scribner, 1969, p.211, quoting Owen in October, 1833.
695. Marlowe, as above, p.46; R Postgate, The Builders' History, 1923, pp.62-3, quoted in Durr, as above, p.99.
696. A Bestor, Backwoods Utopias, U of Penn Press, 1980, p.88.
697. See Webbs, p.160 and from p.725 for the GNCTU Rules.
698. Harrison, p.208.
699. Harrison, p.208.
700. 'W Lloyd Caldecott's Statement', 17 March, 1817, in A Aspinall, Early English Trade Unions, Batchworth, 1949, p.233, (Item No 212).
701. The Times, 24 March, 1834; see discussion of attitudes among Government, Aspinall, 1949, as above, 'Introduction'.
702. A Prescott, 'The Spirit of Association', Lecture, May, 2001, as above, p.17.
703. See Marlowe, as above, p.118, or Leeson, as above, p.117.

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